Soulon Will Be the Capital of Macedonia Again

Atlas

Republic of macedonia and surrounding area

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Occurrences

Acts 16:9 A vision appeared to Paul in the dark. At that place was a man of Republic of macedonia standing, begging him, and maxim, "Come over into Macedonia and help the states."

Acts 16:10 When he had seen the vision, immediately nosotros sought to get out to Republic of macedonia, final that the Lord had called united states of america to preach the Skilful News to them.

Acts xvi:12 and from there to Philippi, which is a city of Republic of macedonia, the foremost of the district, a Roman colony. We were staying some days in this city.

Acts eighteen:5 Only when Silas and Timothy came down from Macedonia, Paul was compelled by the Spirit, testifying to the Jews that Jesus was the Christ.

Acts xix:21 Now later these things had ended, Paul determined in the spirit, when he had passed through Macedonia and Achaia, to go to Jerusalem, saying, "Later I have been in that location, I must too see Rome."

Acts nineteen:22 Having sent into Macedonia two of those who served him, Timothy and Erastus, he himself stayed in Asia for a while.

Acts 20:one Later on the uproar had ceased, Paul sent for the disciples, took get out of them, and departed to go into Macedonia.

Acts xx:3 When he had spent three months there, and a plot was fabricated against him by Jews as he was about to set canvas for Syria, he determined to return through Macedonia.

Romans 15:26 For it has been the good pleasure of Macedonia and Achaia to make a certain contribution for the poor amidst the saints who are at Jerusalem.

1 Corinthians 16:5 Just I will come to you lot when I take passed through Macedonia, for I am passing through Republic of macedonia.

two Corinthians one:16 and past yous to pass into Republic of macedonia, and once again from Macedonia to come to you, and to be sent frontwards past you on my journeying to Judea.

2 Corinthians two:thirteen I had no relief for my spirit, because I didn't detect Titus, my brother, only taking my leave of them, I went out into Republic of macedonia.

ii Corinthians 7:5 For even when we had come into Macedonia, our flesh had no relief, but we were affected on every side. Fightings were outside. Fright was inside.

two Corinthians 8:i Moreover, brothers, we make known to you the grace of God which has been given in the assemblies of Macedonia;

ii Corinthians nine:two for I know your readiness, of which I boast on your behalf to them of Macedonia, that Achaia has been prepared for a year past. Your zeal has stirred upward very many of them.

2 Corinthians xi:9 When I was present with you and was in need, I wasn't a burden on anyone, for the brothers, when they came from Macedonia, supplied the measure of my demand. In everything I kept myself from being burdensome to y'all, and I will continue to do and then.

Philippians 4:15 Y'all yourselves besides know, you lot Philippians, that in the first of the Good News, when I departed from Macedonia, no associates shared with me in the affair of giving and receiving but you simply.

i Thessalonians 1:7 so that you lot became an example to all who believe in Republic of macedonia and in Achaia.

ane Thessalonians 1:eight For from you the discussion of the Lord has been declared, not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but too in every place your faith toward God has gone out; so that we need not to say anything.

1 Thessalonians iv:10 for indeed yous do it toward all the brothers who are in all Macedonia. Just we exhort you, brothers, that yous abound more and more;

i Timothy 1:3 As I urged you lot when I was going into Republic of macedonia, stay at Ephesus that yous might command certain men not to teach a different doctrine,

Encyclopedia

MACEDONIA

mas-eastward-do'-ni-a (Makedonia, indigenous Makedon,):

I. THE MACEDONIAN PEOPLE AND LAND

2. HISTORY OF MACEDONIA

i. Philip and Alexander

ii. Roman Intervention

iii. Roman Conquest

4. Republic of macedonia a Roman Province

v. Later History

III. PAUL AND MACEDONIA

ane. Paul's Beginning Visit

2. Paul'due south Second Visit

3. Paul's 3rd Visit

4. Paul's Later Visits

4. THE MACEDONIAN Church

one. Prominence of Women

2. Marked Characteristics

3. Its Members

LITERATURE

A land lying to the North of Hellenic republic, later on enlarged and formed into a Roman province; it is to the latter that the term e'er refers when used in the New Testament.

I. The Macedonian People and Land.

Ethnologists differ most the origin of the Macedonian race and the degree of its analogousness to the Hellenes. But we discover a well-marked tradition in aboriginal times that the race comprised a Hellenic element and a non-Hellenic, though Aryan, chemical element, closely akin to the Phrygian and other Thracian stocks. The dominant race, the Macedonians in the narrower sense of the term, including the royal family unit, which was acknowledged to be Greek and traced its descent through the Temenids of Argos dorsum to Heracles (Herodotus v.22), settled in the fertile plains about the lower Haliacmon (Karasu or Vistritza) and Axius (Vardar), to the North and Northwest of the Thermaic Gulf. Their capital, which was originally at Edessa or Aegae (Vodhena), was afterwards transferred to Pella past Philip II. The other and older element-the Lyncestians, Orestians, Pelagonians and other tribes-were pushed back northward and westward into the highlands, where they struggled for generations to maintain their independence and weakened the Macedonian land by constant risings and by making common cause with the wild hordes of Illyrians and Thracians, with whom we observe the Macedonian kings in frequent conflict. In order to maintain their position they entered into a skillful understanding from fourth dimension to fourth dimension with the states of Hellenic republic or best-selling temporarily Persian suzerainty, and thus gradually extended the sphere of their power.

2. History of Republic of macedonia.

Herodotus (viii.137-39) traces the royal line from Perdiccas I through Argaeus, Philip I, Aeropus, Alcetas and Amyntas I to Alexander I, who was rex at the fourth dimension of the Persian invasions of Greece. He and his son and grandson, Perdiccas 2 and Archelaus, did much to consolidate Macedonian power, just the death of Archelaus (399 B.C.) was followed past 40 years of disunion and weakness.

i. Philip and Alexander:

With the accession of Philip 2, son of Amyntas 2, in 359 B.C., Macedonia came nether the rule of a human powerful alike in trunk and in mind, an able general and an astute diplomatist, one, moreover, who started out with a clear perception of the cease at which he must aim, the creation of a swell national regular army and a nation-land, and worked consistently and untiringly throughout his reign of 23 years to gain that object. He welded the Macedonian tribes into a single nation, won by forcefulness and fraud the of import positions of Amphipolis, Pydna, Potidaea, Olynthus, Abdera and Maronea, and secured a plentiful supply of gold past founding Philippi on the site of Crenides. Gradually extending his rule over barbarians and Greeks akin, he finally, after the battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.), secured his recognition by the Greeks themselves equally captain-general of the Hellenic states and leader of a Greco-Macedonian crusade against Persia. On the eve of this projected eastern expedition, nevertheless, he was assassinated by gild of his dishonored wife Olympias (336 B.C.), whose son, Alexander the Great, succeeded to the throne. Afterward securing his hold on Thrace, Illyria and Hellenic republic, Alexander turned eastward and, in a serial of brilliant campaigns, overthrew the Persian empire. The battle of the Granicus (334 B.C.) was followed past the submission or subjugation of most of Asia Minor. By the battle of Issus (333), in which Darius himself was defeated, Alexander's way was opened to Phoenicia and Egypt; Darius' 2d defeat, at Arbela (331), sealed the fate of the Persian power. Babylon, Susa, Persepolis and Ecbatana were taken in turn, and Alexander then pressed eastward through Hyrcania, Aria, Arachosia, Bactria and Sogdiana to India, which he conquered as far as the Hyphasis (Sutlej): thence he returned through Gedrosia, Carmania and Persis to Babylon, to brand preparations for the conquest of Arabia. A sketch of his career is given in 1 Maccabees 1:1-7, where he is spoken of as "Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who came out of the land of Chittim" (ane:1): his invasion of Persia is likewise referred to in 1 Maccabees 6:2, where he is described as "the Macedonian rex, who reigned offset amongst the Greeks," i.e. the first who united in a single empire all the Greek states, except those which lay to the West of the Adriatic. It is the conception of the Macedonian power as the mortiferous foe of Persia which is responsible for the description of Haman in Additions to Esther sixteen:x equally a Macedonian, "an alien in truth from the Persian blood," and for the attribution to him of a plot to transfer the Farsi empire to the Macedonians (verse 14), and this same thought appears in the Septuagint's rendering of the Hebrew Agagite (`aghaghi) in Esther 9:24 as Macedonian (Makedon).

two. Roman Intervention:

Alexander died in June 323 B.C., and his empire brutal a casualty to the rivalries of his chief generals (1 Maccabees 1:9); after a menstruation of struggle and chaos, iii powerful kingdoms were formed, taking their names from Macedonia, Syrian arab republic and Egypt. Even in Syria, however, Macedonian influences remained strong, and nosotros find Macedonian troops in the service of the Seleucid monarchs (two Maccabees 8:xx). In 215 King Philip V, son of Demetrius Ii and successor of Antigonus Doson (229-220 B.C.), formed an alliance with Hannibal, who had defeated the Roman forces at Lake Trasimene (217) and at Cannae (216), and prepare well-nigh trying to recover Illyria. Subsequently some years of desultory and indecisive warfare, peace was concluded in 205, Philip binding himself to abjure from attacking the Roman possessions on the East of the Adriatic. The 2d Macedonian War, caused by a combined attack of Antiochus III of Syria and Philip of Macedon on Egypt, broke out in 200 and concluded three years after in the crushing defeat of Philip's forces by T. Quinctius Flamininus at Cynoscephalae in Thessaly (compare 1 Maccabees 8:5). By the treaty which followed this battle, Philip surrendered his conquests in Greece, Illyria, Thrace, Asia Minor and the Aegean, gave upwards his fleet, reduced his army to five,000 men, and undertook to declare no state of war and conclude no alliance without Roman consent.

3. Roman Conquest:

In 179 Philip was succeeded by his son Perseus, who at once renewed the Roman brotherhood, but set to work to consolidate and extend his ability. In 172 war once again broke out, and after several Roman reverses the consul Lucius Aemilius Paulus decisively defeated the Macedonians at Pydna in 168 B.C. (compare i Maccabees 8:five, where Perseus is called "king of Chittim "). The kingship was abolished and Perseus was banished to Italian republic. The Macedonians were alleged free and autonomous; their land was divided into four regions, with their capitals at Amphipolis, Thessalonica, Pella and Pelagonia respectively, and each of them was governed by its own quango; commercium and connubium were forbidden betwixt them and the gold and silver mines were airtight. A tribute was to exist paid annually to the Roman treasury, amounting to half the land tax hitherto exacted by the Macedonian kings.

4. Macedonia a Roman Province:

But this compromise between freedom and subjection could not exist of long duration, and after the revolt of Andriscus, the pseudo-Philip, was quelled (148 B.C.), Macedonia was constituted a Roman province and enlarged by the addition of parts of Illyria, Epirus, the Ionian islands and Thessaly. Each year a governor was dispatched from Rome with supreme military and judicial powers; the partition fell into abeyance and communication within the province was improved by the construction of the Via Egnatia from Dyrrhachium to Thessalonica, whence information technology was afterward continued e to the Nestus and the Hellespont. In 146 the Acheans, who had declared war on Rome, were crushed by Q. Caecilius Metellus and L. Mummius, Corinth was sacked and destroyed, the Achean league was dissolved, and Greece, under the name of Achea, was made a province and placed under the control of the governor of Macedonia. In 27 B.C., when the assistants of the provinces was divided between Augustus and the Senate, Macedonia and Achea fell to the share of the latter (Strabo, p. 840; Dio Cassius liii.12) and were governed separately by ex-praetors sent out annually with the title of proconsul. In xv A.D., withal, senatorial mismanagement had brought the provinces to the verge of ruin, and they were transferred to Tiberius (Tacitus, Annals, i.76), who united them under the government of a legatus Augusti pro praetore until, in 44 A.D., Claudius restored them to the Senate (Suetonius, Claudius 25; Dio Cassius lx.24). It is owing to this close historical and geographical connexion that we find Macedonia and Achia frequently mentioned together in the New Testament, Republic of macedonia being always placed kickoff (Acts 19:21 Romans xv:26 2 Corinthians 9:2 ane Thessalonians 1:7, 8).

5. Later History:

Diocletian (284-305 A.D.) detached from Macedonia Thessaly and the Illyrian coast lands and formed them into 2 provinces, the latter nether the name of Epirus Nova. Toward the end of the 4th century what remained of Macedonia was broken up into two provinces, Macedonia prima and Republic of macedonia secunda or salutaris, and when in 395 the Roman earth was divided into the western and eastern empires, Republic of macedonia was included in the latter. During the next few years it was overrun and plundered by the Goths under Alaric, and later on, in the latter one-half of the 6th century, immense numbers of Slavonians settled there. In the 10th century a big part of it was under Bulgarian rule, and afterwards colonies of diverse Asiatic tribes were settled there by the Byzantine emperors. In 1204 information technology became a Latin kingdom under Boniface, marquis of Monferrat, just 20 years later Theodore, the Greek despot of Epirus, founded a Greek empire of Thessalonica. During the second half of the 14th century the greater office of information technology was part of the Servian dominions, but in 1430 Thessalonica cruel before the Ottoman Turks, and from that fourth dimension down to the year 1913 Macedonia has formed part of the Turkish empire. Its history thus accounts for the very mixed character of its population, which consists chiefly of Turks, Albanians, Greeks and Bulgarians, but has in it a considerable element of Jews, Gypsies, Vlachs, Servians and other races.

Iii. Paul and Republic of macedonia.

In the narrative of Paul's journeys as given united states in Acts 13-28 and in the Pauline Epistles, Macedonia plays a prominent part. The apostle'due south relations with the churches of Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea will be found discussed under those several headings; hither we will merely recount in outline his visits to the province.

1. Paul'south First Visit:

On his second missionary journeying Paul came to Troas, and from in that location sailed with Silas, Timothy and Luke to Neapolis, the nearest Macedonian seaport, in obedience to the vision of a Macedonian (whom Ramsay identifies with Luke: see under the word "Philippi") urging him to cantankerous to Macedonia and preach the gospel there (Acts 16:nine). From Neapolis he journeyed inland to Philippi, which is described as "a urban center of Macedonia, the first of the district" (Acts 16:12). Thence Paul and his two companions (for Luke appears to have remained in Philippi for the next 5 years) traveled forth the Ignatian road, passing through Amphipolis and Apollonia, to Thessalonica, which, though a "free city," and therefore technically exempt from the jurisdiction of the Roman governor, was practically the provincial capital. Driven thence by the hostility of the Jews, the evangelists preached in Berea, where Silas and Timothy remained for a short time subsequently a renewed outbreak of Jewish animosity had forced Paul to leave Macedonia for the neighboring province of Achaia (Acts 17:14). Although he sent a message to his companions to join him with all speed at Athens (Acts 17:15), however and so great was his anxiety for the welfare of the newly founded Macedonian churches that he sent Timothy dorsum to Thessalonica almost immediately (1 Thessalonians 3:one, 2), and perhaps Silas to another part of Macedonia, nor did they again join him until after he had settled for some time in Corinth (Acts 18:5 ane Thessalonians 3:6). The rapid extension of the Christian organized religion in Republic of macedonia at this time may be judged from the phrases used by Paul in his 1st Epistle to the Thessalonians, the primeval of his extant letters, written during this visit to Corinth. He in that location speaks of the Thessalonian converts as existence an case "to all that believe in Macedonia and in Achaia" (1 Thessalonians 1:seven), and he commends their dearest "toward all the brethren that are in all Macedonia" (i Thessalonians four:x). Still more hit are the words, "From you hath sounded along the discussion of the Lord, not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but in every place your faith to God-ward is gone along" (1 Thessalonians 1:8).

2. Paul's 2d Visit:

On his 3rd missionary journeying, the apostle paid two further visits to Republic of macedonia. During the course of a long stay at Ephesus he laid plans for a 2nd journeying through Macedonia and Achaia, and dispatched two of his helpers, Timothy and Erastus, to Macedonia to prepare for his visit (Acts nineteen:21, 22). Some time later, later on the uproar at Ephesus raised by Demetrius and his swain-silversmiths (Acts 19:23-41), Paul himself set out for Macedonia (Acts 20:ane). Of this visit Luke gives us a very summary account, telling united states of america simply that Paul, "when he had gone through those parts, and had given them much exhortation,.... came into Hellenic republic" (Acts 20:2); just from ii Cor, written from Macedonia (probably from Philippi) during the course of this visit, we larn more of the apostle'south movements and feelings. While at Ephesus, Paul had inverse his plans. His intention at first had been to travel beyond the Aegean Sea to Corinth, to pay a visit from there to Macedonia and to return to Corinth, so equally to sail directly to Syria (2 Corinthians 1:15, 16). But past the time at which he wrote the 1st Epistle to the Corinthians, probably almost the end of his stay at Ephesus, he had made up his listen to go to Corinth by way of Macedonia, equally we accept seen that he actually did (one Corinthians 16:v, 6). From 2 Corinthians 2:13 we larn that he traveled from Ephesus to Troas, where he expected to find Titus. Titus, withal, did not nevertheless arrive, and Paul, who "had no relief for (his) spirit," left Troas and sailed to Macedonia. Even here the aforementioned restlessness pursued him: "fightings without, fears within" oppressed him, till the presence of Titus brought some relief (2 Corinthians 7:5, half-dozen). The apostle was also cheered by "the grace of God which had been given in the churches of Republic of macedonia" (2 Corinthians 8:ane); in the midst of severe persecution, they bore their trials with abounding joy, and their deep poverty did not prevent them begging to exist allowed to enhance a contribution to send to the Christians in Jerusalem (Romans 15:26 2 Corinthians 8:two-four). Liberality was, indeed, from the very outset one of the characteristic virtues of the Macedonian churches. The Philippians had sent coin to Paul on 2 occasions during his first visit to Thessalonica (Philippians 4:16), and again when he had left Macedonia and was staying at Corinth (2 Corinthians 11:9 Philippians 4:15). On the present occasion, nevertheless, the Corinthians seem to have taken the lead and to have prepared their bounty in the previous year, on account of which the apostle boasts of them to the Macedonian Christians (ii Corinthians ix:2). He suggests that on his approaching visit to Achaia he may be accompanied past some of these Macedonians (2 Corinthians ix:4), only whether this was actually the case we are not told.

three. Paul's Third Visit:

The 3rd visit of Paul to Macedonia took place some three months later and was occasioned by a plot against his life laid by the Jews of Corinth, which led him to modify his plan of sailing from Cenchrea, the eastern seaport of Corinth, to Syria (ii Corinthians 1:16 Acts xx:3). He returned to Macedonia accompanied every bit far equally Asia past 3 Macedonian Christians-Sopater, Aristarchus and Secundus-and past 4 from Asia Minor. Probably Paul took the familiar route by the Via Egnatia, and reached Philippi immediately earlier the days of unleavened staff of life; his companions preceded him to Troas (Acts 20:5), while he himself remained at Philippi until later on the Passover (Th, Apr 7, 57 A.D., according to Ramsay's chronology), when he sailed from Neapolis together with Luke, and joined his friends in Troas (Acts twenty:6).

four. Paul'south Later Visits:

Toward the close of his 1st imprisonment at Rome Paul planned a fresh visit to Macedonia every bit soon as he should be released (Philippians 1:26; Philippians 2:24), and even earlier that he intended to send Timothy to visit the Philippian church and doubtless those of Berea and Thessalonica too. Whether Timothy actually went on this mission nosotros cannot say; that Paul himself went back to Macedonia once again we learn from 1 Timothy 1:3, and nosotros may infer a 5th visit from the reference to the apostle's stay at Troas, which in all probability belongs to a later occasion (ii Timothy 4:xiii).

Four. The Macedonian Church building.

1. Prominence of Women:

Of the churches of Macedonia in general, piddling need be said here. A striking fact is the prominence in them of women, which is probably due to the college social position held past women in this province than in Asia Modest (Lightfoot, Philippians4, 55;). Nosotros find merely two references to women in connexion with Paul's previous missionary piece of work; the women proselytes of loftier social continuing take a share in driving him from Pisidian Antioch (Acts 13:l), and Timothy's mother is mentioned every bit a Jewess who believed (Acts 16:i). Merely in Macedonia all is changed. To women the gospel was first preached at Philippi (Acts xvi:13); a woman was the first convert and the hostess of the evangelists (Acts sixteen:fourteen, 15); a slave girl was restored to soundness of mind by the apostle (Acts 16:eighteen), and long later Paul mentions two women as having "labored with (him) in the gospel" and every bit endangering the peace of the church by their rivalry (Philippians 4:2, 3). At Thessalonica a considerable number of women of the first rank appear amongst the earliest converts (Acts 17:4), while at Berea also the church included from the outset numerous Greek women of high position (Acts 17:12).

2. Marked Characteristics:

The bond uniting Paul and the Macedonian Christians seems to have been a particularly shut and appreciating one. Their liberality and open-heartedness, their joyousness and patience in trial and persecution, their action in spreading the Christian organized religion, their dearest of the brethren-these are a few of the characteristics which Paul specially commends in them (1 and 2 Thessalonians; Philippians; 2 Corinthians 8:1-8), while they also seem to have been much freer than the churches of Asia Pocket-size from Judaizing tendencies and from the allurements of "philosophy and vain deceit."

3. Its Members:

Nosotros know the names of a few of the early members of the Macedonian churches-Sopater (Acts 20:iv) or Sosipater (Romans 16:21: the identification is a probable, though not a certain, one) of Berea; Aristarchus (Acts nineteen:29; Acts xx:iv; Acts 27:2 Colossians iv:10 Philemon i:24), Jason (Acts 17:5-9 Romans 16:21) and Secundus (Acts xx:four) of Thessalonica; Clement (Philippians 4:3), Epaphroditus (Philippians 2:25; Philippians iv:18), Euodia (Philippians four:2; this, not Euodias (the Male monarch James Version), is the true class), Syntyche (same place), Lydia (Acts 16:14, twoscore; a native of Thyatira), and mayhap Luke (Ramsay, Paul the Traveler, 201;) of Philippi. Gaius is also mentioned as a Macedonian in Acts 19:29, but perhaps the reading of a few manuscripts Makedona is to be preferred to the Textus Receptus of the New Testament Makedonas in which case Aristarchus alone would be a Macedonian, and this Gaius would probably be identical with the Gaius of Derbe mentioned in Acts 20:4 as a companion of Paul (Ramsay, op. cit., 280). The later history of the Macedonian churches, together with lists of all their known bishops, will be found in Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, 2, i;; III, 1089; 1045 f.

LITERATURE.

General: C. Nicolaides, Macedonien, Berlin, 1899; Berard, La Macedoine, Paris, 1897; "Odysseus," Turkey in Europe, London, 1900. Secular History: Hogarth, Philip and Alexander of Macedon, London, 1897, and the histories of the Hellenistic period past Holm, Niese, Droysen and Kaerst. Ethnography and Language: O. Hoffmann, Die Makedonen, ihre Sprache und ihr Volkstum, Gottingen, 1906. Topography and Antiquities: Heuzey and Daumet, Mission archeologique de Macedoine, Paris, 1876; Cousinery, Voyage dans la Macedoine, Paris, 1831; Clarke, Travels 4, Vii, VIII, London, 1818; Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, III, London, 1835; Duchesne and Bayet, Memoire sur une mission en Macedoine et au Mont Athos, Paris, 1876; Hahn, Reise von Belgrad nach Saloniki, Vienna, 1861. Coins: Caput, Historia Nummorum, 193 f; British Museum Catalogue of Coins: Macedonia, etc., London, 1879. Inscriptions: CIG, numbers 1951-2010; CIL, Three, 1 and III, Suppl.; Dimitsas,`H... Athens, 1896.

M. N. Tod

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MACEDONIA, a kingdom lying n. of Greece, divisional, in the time of the N.T., due north. by the Hae'mus Mts. or the modern Balkan, on the e. by Thrace and AEgean Bounding main, s. by Achaia (Greece), due west. past Epirus and Illyricum, and including part of those districts now called Albania and Roumelia.

Strong's Greek

G3109: Makedonia

Macedonia, a region of Greece

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Source: https://bibleatlas.org/macedonia.htm

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